Important Battles

Important Battles

Battle Period/Year Countries Involved Battle of Megiddo 608 BC Necho of Egypt and Josiah of Judah; Egyptians victorious Battle of Marathon 490 BC Athenians and Persians; King Darius of Persia defeated. Battle of Thermoplyae 480 BC Spartans led by Leonidas and Persians by Xerxes; Spartans were defeated. Battle of Salamis 480 BC Athenian and Persian fleet in the Bay of Salamis; Persian fleet defeated Battle of Platae 479 BC Greek and Persian forces; Persian forces defeated Battle of Mycale 479 BC Greek and Persian forces; Persian fleet defeated Spartan War I I 459 BC Sparta and Athens, also called 'Pelponesian War'; it lasted for 30 years Spartan War II 431–421 BC Sparta and Athens; Spartans victorious Battle of Arabia 331 BC Greek and Persian forces; Greeks victorious Battle of Magnesia 190 BC Syrian and Roman forces; Syrian forces defeated (north-west Lydia) Hundred Year War 1338–1453 France and England War of Roses 1455–1485 Civil War in England between the two rival royal houses of Lancaster and York; White and red rose were their respective symbols Anglo-Spanish War 1588 Spanish and English fleets fought in the English Channel; Defeat of the Spanish fleet Thirty Year War 1618–1648 Started as religious-cum-political war between (Conto) the Lutherans and Catholics in Germany and developed into an international war Civil War of England 1642–1649 Between Cavaliers (King Charles supporters) and forces of the Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell; King Charles I executed Battle of Gibraltar Bay 1607 The Dutch defeated the Spaniards and the Portuguese Seven Year War 1756–1763 Britain and France against Austria and Prussia; British alliance won Battle of Nile 1798 British and French fleets; Britain victorious Battle of Trafalgar 1805 British fleet defeated fleets of France and Spain; British fleets commanded by Admiral Nelson, who was killed in the battle Battle of Austerlitz 1805 Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia on one side and France on the other; French on the other; French forces victorious Battle of  Borodino 1812 France and Russia; the French forces were commanded by Napoleon who was defeated Battle of Leipzig 1813 Germany and combined forces of Austria, Prussia and Russia defeated Napoleon (French forces) Battle of Waterloo 1815 British forces led by Duke of Wellington defeated French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte; it was Napoleon's last battle; Napoleon was abdicated and was exiled to the island of St Helena in South Atlantic where he died in 182l. First China War 1840 China and Britain; Chinese forces yielded. It was a trade war and also known as the 'Opium War' American Civil War 1861–1865 Northern Vs. Southern states of America for the abolition of slavery; Abraham Lincoln defeated the Southern states Russo–Japan War 1905 Russia and Japan in the Sea of Japan; Russia defeated; also called the 'Battle of Port Arthur' or 'Battle of Yalu' Balkan War I 1912 Turkey and Balkan countries (Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece); Turkey defeated Balkan War II 1913 Invasion of Serbia and Greece by Bulgaria; Bulgaria defeated by combined forces of Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro, which stripped Turkey of most of its European territories World War I 1914–1919 Germany (with Austria, Hungary and Turkey) against Britain (with France, US, Russia, Japan, Canada, Austria and Belgium); Germany and its allies were defeated Battle of Jutland 1916 During World War I–naval battle between Germany and England in which Germany was defeated World War I 1939–45 Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) against the Allies (Britain, USSR, US, France and several other countries); Axis powers were defeated Desert War 1942 Italian Army from Libya invaded Egypt in order to attack British forces Korean War 1954 South Korea invaded by North Korea; North Korea was forced back by UN forces Israel-Arab War 1967 Six-day war, shortest war in history; Arab forces led by Egypt, Syria and Jordan were defeated Pakistan-Bangladesh War 1971 Mukti Bahini forces aided by India against the Pakistani forces stationed in Bangladesh (former East Pakistan); Pakistani forces surrendered and Bangladesh came into being Gulf War 1991 US led multinational forces attacked Iraq to oust Iraqi troops from Kuwait Kargil War 1999 India defeated Pakistani forces at Kargil US-Afghanistan War 2001 US led coalition forces attack Afghanistan to bring down the Taliban regime in Afghanistan in retaliation to the September 11 terrorist attack in the USA Gulf War II 2003 US led coalition forces dethroned the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein

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Revolutions and Wars of Independence

American War of Independence

Great Britain regulated trade in the American colonies to such a great extent that there was growing annoyance among the settlers at the controls and checks imposed upon them. There were acts of rebellion and this hostility flared into war on 19 April, 1775; when shots were exchanged in Lexington.

The first battle of the war was fought at Bunker Hill Charlestown in which Britain won; they also scored decisive victories in New York (1776) and Philadelphia (1777). But the American Continental Congress had appointed George Washington (1732-99) to take charge of the untrained American soldiers and he inspired them to fight for their freedom. Further inspiration was provided on 4 July, 1776 when the Congress issued the Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration renounced allegiance to the British throne and resolved "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.'' Americans were aided in their fight by Britain's enemies in Europe and in 1777 the British general Burgoyne (1723-92) was forced to surrender at Saratoga.

In 1781 General Cornwallis (1738-1805) besieged at Yorktown by French ships which prevented aid from reaching him by sea, surrendered and the War of Independence ended. America was granted its independence in 1783 and George Washington was elected the first President of USA.

Boston tea party – It is an incident related to the War of Independence in America when settlers in colonies threw a shipment of 342 chests of tea into the sea at Boston in 1773. To suppress the agitation, the colony of Massachusetts was brought under direct control of the Crown.

Greek War of Independence

The Turkish empire included south-east Europe and the Middle East. The Greeks were the first people to revolt against the Turks in 1821.

Russians supported the Greeks, Britain and France also joined in supporting the Greeks in 1827. All three countries joined together to destroy the Turkish empire and the Turks were forced to yield. The Greeks achieved independence in 1830.

Belgian War of Independence (1830)

When the Dutch gained independence in the late sixteenth century, the southern provinces of the Netherlands (roughly equal to modern Belgium) remained under the rule of Spain, and later Austria. During the Napoleonic, wars they were overrun by the French and when Napoleon was defeated in 1814 Belgium was reunited with the Netherlands as one kingdom.

The union with the Dutch was not accepted in Belgium. Although the two peoples had much in common, problems arose out of differences in religion, language and social customs. Under the Dutch king the Belgians, felt that they were being regarded as second-class citizens. This led to riots against Dutch rule in 1830 and quickly developed into a full-scale mass revolution.

The Belgians declared their independence in 1830 and drew up a national Constitution in 1831 inviting Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (1790-1865) to become their first king.

French Revolution (1789-1793)

In the 18th century France was under the despotic rule of King Louis XVI, who was not only inexperienced but also weak, feeble and lacked administrative capabilities. He believed in the Theory of Divine Right of Kings. At the time French society consisted of nobles, clergy and the commoners. Nobles belonged to the highly privileged class and enjoyed special rights. As one-fifth of the land was the property of the church, the clergy monopolized offices of the church and led a luxurious life. The commoners were isolated as the most under-privileged class which comprised peasants in villages, workers in cities and middle-class government employees.

The commoners were awakened by French philosopher of the time who attacked the church, the crown, and old traditions, of despotic rule. Montesquieu (1689-1755) who was dead against the Divine Right Theory of kings; Volatire (1664-1774) who exposed the tyranny and arbitrary practices of the King, abuses of the Church and social inequalities; Rousseau (1712-1778), were the 18h century philosophers of France, who through their writings and ideologies of liberty, equality and fraternity prepared the nation for this great revolution in France.

French Revolution not only made France a Republic but also gave new direction to the oppressed people of other countries, helped advocated and furthered the cause of liberty, fraternity and equality by awakening people against despotic rulers in their countries.

Russian Revolution (1917-1922)

The great revolution in Russia took place in two stages. The first stage of the Russian Revolution began in February 1917 with the overthrow of the Czar Nicholas II. The second stage in October of the same year led to the establishment of the world's first communist state by the Bolsheviks under Lenin.

Revolution Russia joined the Allies in World War I to 1914, and met with success in the beginning but was defeated in 1915-16 with over 5.5 million casualties in 2.5 years of war. This led to shortage of war material and food which thoroughly frustrated the soldiers.

On 7 March, 1917, workers struck work and attacked Petrograd. Farmers revolted to villages and the frustrated soldiers of World War I joined the general public to revolt against the Czar. Riots broke out and lawlessness spread throughout Russia. The Czar was dethroned and a temporary government set up under prince Kerensky's leadership. Kerensky was the follower of a midway policy (Mensheviks group) but people wanted definite social and economic changes.

Lenin who was deeply influenced by the principles of Karl Marx took over leadership of the Bolshevik party which wished to setup a common government. The unity of labourers and peasants under the leadership of Lenin made the revolution a success.

Lenin emerged as a great revolutionary leader; Czar Nicholas II and his family were assassinated, power came into the hands of the public, and landlords, traders and the clergy were reduced to destitution. The Russian revolution set up a new society on the basis of communist principles and thus the great revolution came to an end.

This was a great revolution after the French revolution (1789-93) which was not limited to Russia alone but affected almost all countries of the world. It established the ideology of Marxism and led to the independence of several countries.

Chinese Revolution

The Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic proclaimed in October 1911. First President Sun Yat-Sen resigned in favour of strongman Yuan Shih-Kai. Sun organized the Parliamentarian `Kuomintany' Party. Students launched protests on 4 May, 1919 against League of Nations concessions in China to Japan. Nationalist, liberal and socialist ideas and political groups spread. The Communist Party was founded in 1921. An Communist regime took power in Mongolia with Soviet support in 1921.

Algerian War of Independence (1947-62)

In 1947 Algeria became politically unified with France but the 86 percent Muslim population (Arabs and Berber) revolted against French domination and in 1954 war broke out. French deployed half a million troops against the rebels, but instead of suppressing the revolution, troops supported the agitation and it turned into a sort of civil war. General De Gaulle was called upon and he ultimately planned the Algerian independence which was achieved in 1962.

Creation of Bangladesh

Elections in Pakistan in 1970 resulted in a split between the Punjabis of West Pakistan and the Bengalis of East Pakistan. By March 1971 the tension between the two groups had escalated. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920-75) of East Pakistan and his separatist party the Awami League launched a civil disobedience movement and called for independence from Pakistan's rule. On Pakistan's Republic Day (March 23) people dragged down its national flag and unfurled the flag of Bangladesh. Severe fighting took place between the separatist (Mukti Bahini) and Pakistan's forces stationed in East Pakistan. Mujibur Rahman was charged with treason. However, formal independence was declared on 17 April, 1971 and fierce fighting continued in which India supported the separatist group. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was nominated President of Bangladesh while in jail and returned to Bangladesh in January 1972 to a tumultuous welcome. He was, however, assassinated in 1975.

Collapse of the Soviet Empire

In 1985 President Gorbachov inherited a collapsing empire. Constricted by domestic pressures, he chose not to intervene when, in a few dramatic months of late 1989 and early 1990, communist governments of Eastern Europe collapsed under popular pressure and new regimes declared themselves independent of Soviet control. The tearing down of the Berlin Wall, and subsequent reunification of Germany was the most powerful symbol of change. The situation was little better in the republics which constituted the Soviet Union. The people were increasingly disillusioned by falling living standards and inefficient government. Powerful nationalists forces, from the southern republics of Armenia to Azerbaijan to the old Baltic States in the north, now threatened to break up the Soviet Union from within. In August 1991 an attempt by communist `hard-liners' to restore the old system in a coup d'etat failed, leaving the central Soviet government stripped of any real power. As one republic after another announced succession it was quickly clear that the world possessed another `sick man'<197>with all the attendant dangers. The collapse of Soviet Union signaled the end of superpower confrontation.

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World War II (1939-45)

World War II (1939-45)


(1) By the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I, Germany was not only dismembered, disarmed but also himiliated, and very exacting conditions were imposed
upon her. (2) There was strong feeling of deep social discontentment in Germany and Italy after the War. (3) The rise of the Nationalist movement in Germany and Italy; and the growing power of the Nazis under Hitler and that of the Fascists under Mussolini seriously upset the balance of power in Europe. (4) The colonial and commercial rivalry between England and France on one side, Germany and Italy on the other, brought them into conflict with each other. (5) Germany had become very aggressive, she annexed the Saar Valley, occupied Rhineland and Austria : Captured Czechoslovakia, etc.

The immediate causes were that Germany gave an ultimatum to Poland regarding (i) surrender of the Port of Danzing, (ii) the right of establishing rail link between Germany and East Prussia, through the Polish Corridor. These two demands were rejected by Poland, so Germany invaded Poland on 1st September, 1939. Britain and France as
they were under treaty obligations to aid Poland, declared war against Germany on 3rd September, 1939. Germany, Italy and Japan, called the Axis Powers, fought on one side;
U.K., U.S.S.R., France, U.S.A., Benelux countries, etc., called the Allies, fought on the other. It ended on 14th August, 1945.

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World War I (1914-18)

World War I (1914-18)

(1) Germany has become a great industrial country and wanted to have more markets for trade. (2) Germany was jealous of the colonial and naval greatness of England. William II, Kaiser of Germany, was very ambitious and wanted to gain influence in Turkey by linking Berlin with Baghdad by a railway line. This gave rise to great rivalry between England and Germany. (3) The immediate cause of the war the murder of Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire) at Serajevo by a Serbian. The Austrian held the Government of Serbia responsible for the murder and ultimately attacked Serbia. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria were on one side and, were called Central Powers. England, France, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, Russia were on the other side, and were called the Allies. Italy in 1915 and the U.S.A. in 1917 joined the Allies against the Central Powers. The war started on the 4th August, 1914 and ended on 11th November,1918.

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World Civilizations

World Civilizations

Egyptian Civilization

It is one of the world's longest continuous civilizations. In 300 BC Upper and Lower Egypt were united,  beginning a period of cultural glory and native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Historians have divided the history of Egypt into the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 322 BC. The highlight of the Old Kingdom was the building of the pyramids of Giza. The Middle kingdom saw Egypt develop into a great power. Massive temples and tombs, such as Tutenkhamun's were built during the New Kingdom. Another classification is the pyramid age (3490-2500 BC), the Feudal Age (about 1800 BC), the New Empire (about 1150 BC). In the fourth and third millennium, the Pharaohs held supreme power. The Egyptians studied nature with great care. They were aware of five planets. They divided the day-night cycle into twelve hours. They also developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics.   Mesopotamian Civilization Mesopotamia was the ancient region between Tigris and Euphrates in South-West Asia, roughly corresponding to modern Iraq. It was the site of one of the earliest human civilizations, resulting from the development of irrigation in the 6th millennium BC and the extreme fertility of the irrigated land. Sumerians settled in the lower parts of Tigris and Euphrates valley between 5000 and 4000 BC. Its seat was the city of Mesopotamia, founded by the Sumerians Babylonia gained supremacy in the 18th Century BC and was followed by others, notably the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Persians Greek and Romans, Mesopotamia gradually lost its distinctive cultural traditions. Mesopotamia bears the stamp of clay as does no other civilization, and nowhere in the world but in Mesopotamia and the regions over which its influence was diffused was clay used as the vehicle for writing. They also created mythological and historical epics like the famous 'Creation' and 'Flood Epics'. The most impressive work of the Babylonians is the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' containing their main myths. Chinese Civilization The first documented dynasty was the Shang (c. 1523-c. 1020 BC), when bronze casting was perfected. The Zhou dynasty (c. 1030-221 BC) was the age of Chinese Classical Literature, in particular Confucian and Lao Tzu. China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi, whose tomb near Xlan contains the famous terracotta army. The majority of the great wall was built by the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC). The Ran dynasty established in 206 BC and ruled until AD 220. The Ran dynasty developed the empire, a bureaucracy based on Confucianism, and also introduced Buddhism. China then split into three kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu). Tang dynasty (618-907) was a golden era of artistic achievement, especially in poetry and fine art. Genghis Khan conquered most of China in the 1210s and established the Mongol empire. Kubla Khan founded the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), a period of dialogue with Europe. The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) restablished Chinese rule and is famed for its fine porcelain. The Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912) began by vastly extending the empire.   Greek Civilization The earliest urban society in Greece was the palace-centered Minoan civilization. It reached its height on Crete c. 2000 BC. It was succeeded by the mainland Mycenaen civilization, which arose c. 1600 BC following a wave of Indo-European invasions. A second wave of invasions in c. 1200 BC, destroyed the Bronze Age cultures, paving the way for a dark age. Classical Greece began to emerge (c. 750 BC) as a collection of independent city-states including Sparta and Athens. The civilization reached its heights, after repelling the Persians at the beginning of the 5thcentury BC and began to decline after the civil strife of the Peloponnesian war. The Greek city-states were taken over by Philip II of Macedon in 388 BC. Greek culture was spread by Philip's son Alexander the Great throughout his empire. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans conquered Greek city-states. The Greeks were the first political scientists and democrats in the world. Greece occupies a great place in the history of world civilization. The outstanding philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the products of this civilization. The Greeks also built many temples. Homer's 'Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' are also Greece's great gifts to the world.   Roman Civilization Rome is situated on the river Tiber in Italy. Etruscan traders occupied this city and made it the largest and most important cities of central Italy. Between 338 and 169 B.C., the Romans dominated the Mediterranean world. Between 167 B.C. and 14A.D. much of the land was conquered, the republic was brought to an end and the Roman Empire was established. The rise of Caesar is a remarkable event in the Roman history. After Caesar, Octavian brought the republic to an end. The ancient Romans worshipped their family deities. Galen, a physician, completed an encyclopedia of medicine. Caesarian Operation, first tried at the birth of Caesar became popular. In the fourth century after Christ, Theodosius made Christianity the religion of the state.

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Landmarks in World History

Magna Carta

The Magna Carla was a Charter of Rights granted to the Englishmen during 1215 AD by King John II. During the reign of King John II (1167-1216) the citizens of Britain were burdened with heavy taxes. As a treacherous and cruel king he curbed the privileges of nobles and clergymen. As a result the barons, clergy and the common people united and compelled King John to redress their grievances by signing the Great Charter known as the Magna Carta. It was signed by King John II in June 1215 at Runnymede. The charter contained 63 clauses guaranteeing the freedom of the barons, the church and the common man. Under this charter the king himself was to act according to the law which curbed the king's right to levy taxes arbitrarily. It ensured that the king would act with the sanction of the people's representatives in the matters of administration be it the imposition of new taxes or punishing a wrong doer or imprisonment of any man. In other words, through this document the Law was made the highest authority in the land. The Magna Carta laid down the important principle that England should be governed by a definite law and not by the whims or will of a despotic ruler.

Feudalism

Feudalism was apolitical and economic system of medieval Europe based on the relation of lord to vassal in which land was held on the condition of homage and service. A lord would promise to protect a smaller landowner from his enemies. In return, the small landowner or peasant surrendered his land and became a vassal. In 888 AD big empires were divided into small kingdoms of landowning nobles who protected peasants against tribal attacks. Peasants surrendered their lands to the nobles for protection of their lives. They were allowed to work and live on it but the land became feudal property. Feudal lords became rich and powerful and kings had to depend on them for men and money. Renaissance Renaissance means revival or rebirth. During the time of the Roman empire all the manuscripts containing the wisdom of the ancient Greeks were kept in Constantinople and studied by the scholars of the city. However, in 1451 AD a new Sultan, Mahomet II ascended the Turkish throne and swore to capture Constantinople (now Istanbul). In 1453 he attacked and occupied the city. The scholars fled taking with them the manuscripts and documents and settled in the cities of Italy to spread their learning throughout western Europe. In 1454, Gutenberg set up a printing press and these manuscripts and documents were reprinted, and thus astronomy, geography and other sciences were rediscovered by western Europe. A Greek copy of the New Testament (Part of the Bible) was also found, which revolutionized the process of religious reform in Europe. The Renaissance has been called therevival of learning that swept across Europe. The movement slowly spread to England in the 15th and 16th centuries.   Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 The Habeas Corpus Act was drawn up during the reign of King Charles II which stated that no one was to be imprisoned without a writ or warrant stating the charges against him. It also provided facilities to a prisoner to obtain either speedy trial or release on bail. The Act safeguarded the personal liberties of the people against arbitrary imprisonment by the king's orders.   Glorious Revolution King James II of England, became very unpopular due to his strong Catholic beliefs. As a result he was forced to flee to France. The government invited William of Orange (1650-1702) the Dutch leader and his wife Mary, daughter of King James II, and declared them joint sovereigns on 13 February, 1689. The overthrowing of James II was without any bloodshed and is thus known as the Glorious Revolution.

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Objective General Knowledge 2

Q. Which of the following is not an output device?   1 Plotter   2 Printer   3 Monitor   4 Touch Screen     Ans: 4

Q. Which of the following Devices have a limitation that we can only read it but can not erase and modify it?   1 Tape Drive   2 Hard Disk   3 Compact Disk   4 Floppy Disk     Ans: 4

Q. Which device can understand difference between Data and programs?   1 Input Device   2 Output Device   3 Memory   4 Microprocessor     Ans: 4

Q. Multiprogamming Systems......   1 Are easier to develop than single Programming systems   2 Execute each job Faster   3 Execute more jobs in the same time period   4 None of these     Ans: 3

Q. The simultaneous execution of two or more instructions is called-   1 Sequential Access   2 Reduced Instruction set computing   3 Multiprocessing   4 None of these     Ans: 3

Q. Which Device as used as the standard Pointing Device in a Graphical User Environment?   1 Keyboard   2 Mouse   3 Joystick   4 None Of These     Ans: 2

Q. ...... is a procedure that requires users to enter an identification code and a matching password.   1 Paging   2 Logging on   3 Time-Sharing   4 Multitasking     Ans: 2

Q. An example of Telecommunication device is a -   1 Keyboard   2 Mouse   3 Printer   4 Modem     Ans: 4

Q. A character of information is represented by a(n)-   1 Byte   2 Bit   3 Field   4 None of these     Ans: 1

Q. The Process of writing out computer instructions is known as-   1 Assembling   2 Compiling   3 Executing   4 coding     Ans: 1

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Objective General Knowledge

Q. ..... is the process finding errors in software code.   1 compiling   2 Assembling   3 Interpreting   4 Debugging     Ans: 4

Q. If a memory chip is volatile, it will-   1 Explode if exposed to high temperatures   2 Lose its Contents if current is turned off   3 Be used for data storage only   4 None Of These     Ans: 2

Q. The general term 'peripheral equipment' is used for -   1 any device that is attached to a computer system   2 large scale computer systems   3 a program collection   4 other office Equipment not associated with a desktop Computer     Ans: 1

Q. ..... is a set of Keywords, s symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate the instructions to be executed by a computer...   1 A Computer Program   2 A Programming Language   3 An Assembler   4 Syntax     Ans: 2

Q. A ...... contains specific rules and words that express the logical steps of an algorithm.   1 Programming Language   2 Programming Structure   3 Syntax   4 Logic chart     Ans: 3

Q. Codes consisting or Bars or lines of varying widths or lengths that are computer-readable are known as-   1 A bar code   2 An ASCII Code   3 A Magnetic Tape   4 A Light Pen     Ans: 1

Q. Which of the following is the storage area whit in the computer itself which Holds data only Temporarily as the computer processes instructions?   1 The Hard Disk   2 Main Memory   3 The Control unit   4 Read Only Memory     Ans: 4

Q. A collection of interrelated records is called a-   1 Management Information System   2 Spread Sheet   3 Database   4 Text file     Ans: 3

Q. Every Component of your computer is either -   1 Software of CPU/RAM   2 Input Devices and Output Devices   3 Application software or System Software   4 None of these     Ans: 2

Q. Data that is copied from an application is stored in the-   1 Driver   2 Clipboard   3 Terminal   4 Prompt     Ans: 2

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