11:21 PM
Ankur Dubey
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(mid-2006 estimates)
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Posted in:
World Geography
Monday, April 11, 2011
Area and Population of Countries
Posted in:
World Geography
Universe and Solar System
Universe and Solar System
In the vastness of the Universe, the Earth, the Sun and planets are tiny dots. The Sun is a single star in a Galaxy comprising 100,000 million stars.
The Solar System is centred on the Sun. It consists of a star called the Sun and all the objects that travel around it. The Solar System includes : 9 planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto), along with the numerous satellites that travel around most of them; planet-like objects called asteroids (hundreds of asteroids); chunks of iron and stone called meteoroids; bodies of dust and foreign gases called comets (thousands of comets); and drifting particles called interplanetary dust and electrically charged gas called plasma that together make up the interplanetary medium.
The whole solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. This vacuum of ‘space’ comprises the interplanetary medium. The speed of the solar wind is about 400 kilometer per second in the vicinity of Earths' orbit.
The Solar System originated in a primitive solar nebula–a rotating disc of gas and dust. It is from this rotating disc that the planets and the rest of the Solar System evolved. The Solar System is also tucked away in a corner of the Milky Way at a distance of about 30,000 to 33,000 light years from the centre of the galaxy.
The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets which condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contains only 0.135% of the mass of the Solar System.
Jupiter contains more them twice the matter of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%.
In the vastness of the Universe, the Earth, the Sun and planets are tiny dots. The Sun is a single star in a Galaxy comprising 100,000 million stars.
The Solar System is centred on the Sun. It consists of a star called the Sun and all the objects that travel around it. The Solar System includes : 9 planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto), along with the numerous satellites that travel around most of them; planet-like objects called asteroids (hundreds of asteroids); chunks of iron and stone called meteoroids; bodies of dust and foreign gases called comets (thousands of comets); and drifting particles called interplanetary dust and electrically charged gas called plasma that together make up the interplanetary medium.
The whole solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. This vacuum of ‘space’ comprises the interplanetary medium. The speed of the solar wind is about 400 kilometer per second in the vicinity of Earths' orbit.
The Solar System originated in a primitive solar nebula–a rotating disc of gas and dust. It is from this rotating disc that the planets and the rest of the Solar System evolved. The Solar System is also tucked away in a corner of the Milky Way at a distance of about 30,000 to 33,000 light years from the centre of the galaxy.
The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets which condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contains only 0.135% of the mass of the Solar System.
Jupiter contains more them twice the matter of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%.
THE PLANETS |
The bodies revolving around the sun (at the same time rotating on their imaginary axis) are called planets. They have no light of their own but shine by radiating the fight they receive from the sun. They all revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. Until about 200 years ago only six planets were known. Three more planets were discovered later, the latest being Pluto (discovered in 1930). Nine planets can now be identified. Mercury Mercury is the planet nearest to the sun. It rotates on its own axis in 56.65 earth days. It takes 88 days to complete one revolution round the sun. Thus it is the fastest planet in our solar system. Venus Also known as the evening star and morning star, is the brightest object in the sky after the sun and the moon. It is slightly smaller than the earth and is the planet closest to the earth. It is also the hottest planet in our solar system and has a weak magnetic belt. Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and is the next planet after the earth. Being favorably situated, it is brighter than most of the stars and, is therefore, known as the Red Planet. It has two small satellites called Phobos (Fear) and Deimos (Terror). Jupiter Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. It is about eleven times larger than the earth. Its volume is one and half times the volume of all the planets combined together. The most conspicuous aspect about Jupiter is its Great Red Spot. It is also known as the giant planet because of its huge size. Saturn Saturn is an outer planet visible to the naked eye. Second in size to Jupiter, it is the least dense of all the planets. The most spectacular feature of Saturn is its system of rings. The ring system is made up of a variety of separate particles which move independently in circular orbits. It has 46 satellites. Titan is its biggest. Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun and is not visible to the naked eye. It was identified as a planet in 1781 by William Herchel. It has completed only two revolutions round the sun since its discovery, and takes about 84 terrestrial years to circle round the sun. It has 27 satellites. Neptune Neptune is not visible to the naked eye but can be seen through a small telescope as a greenish star. It is eighth in position from the sun. This planet was discovered by J.G. Galle of Berlin in 1846. Till 1930, it was believed to be the farthest planet from the sun and the outermost in our solar system. It has eight satellites, and Triton and Nereid are the most conspicuous of them. Pluto Pluto is the youngest planet to be discovered in our solar system. It was discovered photographically by C.W. Tombaugh (USA) in 1930. It is the smallest planet in our solar system; slightly smaller than Mercury and visible only through a telescope. The duration of its revolution round the sun is the longest and it is, therefore, the slowest planet in our solar system. |
SATELLITES |
Satellite are bodies which revolve around the planets. All planets have one or more satellites, except Mercury and Venus. The moon is the earth's natural satellite. There are approximately 62 satellites in our solar system. In August 1989, the US Space probes Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 revealed six new satellites around Neptune which was earlier believed to have only two satellites. The Moon The moon is the earth's natural satellite and is its nearest neighbour in space. It revolves around the earth while rotating on its own axis. Only 59% of its surface is directly visible from the earth. Of all satellites in the solar system, the moon is the largest in proportion to its primary body, that is, the earth. All other satellites have sizes below 1/8 the size of the mother planet. The moon is about 1/4 the size of its mother planet, the earth. It takes about 1.3 seconds for moonlight to reach the earth, whereas sunlight takes about 8 minutes and 16.6 seconds to reach the earth. The moon takes 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes and 11.47 seconds to complete one revolution of the earth. It rotates on its axis in exactly the same time. Hence, we see only one side of the moon. |
THE EARTH |
Modern theories on the formation of the Earth and other planets are of course based on the Copernican theory. The age of the Earth was a matter of speculation till very recent times. It was only about 200 years ago, that scientific enquiries were started by geologists. According to their deductions, based on the study of rocks, the age of the Earth is 4.6 billion years. Our knowledge of the internal structure of the Earth is derived from studies of earthquakes. The shock waves sent out by an earthquake indicate the physical nature of the regions through which they pass. These studies show that the centre of the Earth is a solid core–the Inner Core. The density of this core is about 13 g to the cubic centimeter. The Inner Core is about 1,370 km thick and is surrounded by an Outer Core of around 2,080 km. The Outer Core appears to be molten. The Outer Core is surrounded by the Mantle which has a thickness of around 2,900 km. The Mantle is topped by the crust of the Earth, which varies widely in thickness–from 12 to 60 km. At the centre or the Inner Core, that is at a depth of some 6,370 km, temperature goes upto some 4,000°C and pressure reaches nearly 4 million at mospheres. The mantle is important in many ways. It accounts for nearly half the radius of the Earth (2,900 km), 83% of its volume and 67% of its mass. The dynamic processes which determine the movements of the crust plates are powered by the mantle. Starting at an average depth of from 45 to 56 km below the top surface of the Earth, the mantle continues to a depth of 2,900 km where it joins the outer core. The mantle is a shell of red hot rock and separates the Earth's metallic and partly melted core (both the inner and the outer cores) from the cooler rocks of the Earth's crust. It is composed of sllicate minerals rich in magnesium and Iron. The density of the mantle increases with depth from about 3.5 gram per cubic centimetre to around 5.5 gram, near the outer core. The outer surface of the Earth is divided into 4 spheres: Lithosphere means the entire top crust of the Earth and includes not only the land surface but also the ocean floor. Hydrosphere is the water surface which includes the oceans, lakes and rivers. Atmosphere is the blanket of air that envelops the Earth. It covers both the land surface and the water surface. Biosphere is this sphere of life which spreads over all the three other spheres. Earth's Movements The earth has two types of movements, viz. rotation or daily motion and revolution or annual motion. The earth spins on its own imaginary axis from west to east once in 24 h (in precisely 23 h 56 min and 40.91 s). It is also called diurnal or daily motion. The axis is an imaginary line which runs form north to south and passes through the centre of the earth. It always remains inclined at an angle of 66½° to the plane of the earth's orbit. Effects of Rotation: (i) Occurrence of day and night. (ii) The position of a place on earth can be fixed. (iii) Change in the direction of wind and ocean currents. |
ECLIPSES |
When the light of the sun or the moon is obscured by another body the sun or moon is said to be in eclipse. Lunar Eclipse: The moon is said to be in eclipse when the earth comes between the moon and the sun, and this is called Lunar eclipse. The shadow cast by the earth on the moon is called an eclipse. Lunar eclipse occurs only on a full moon day. However, it does not occur on every full moon day because the moon is not in the same position in relation to the earth and the sun on every full moon day. Solar Eclipse: The sun is said- to be in eclipse when the moon comes between the sun and the earth. This is called Solar eclipse. There is either a partial or total obstruction of the sun's light when viewed from the earth. A solar eclipse occurs on a new moon day when the moon is in line with the sun. However, due to the inclination of the moon's orbit, a solar eclipse does not occur on every new moon day. |
ATMOSPHERE |
The atmosphere is a gaseous envelope that surrounds a celestial body. The terrestrial atmosphere, by nature of its composition, control of temperature and shielding effect against solar radiation, makes life possible on earth. It covers both the land and the water surface. It is bound to the earth by the gravitational pull of the earth. The composition of the atmosphere changes as we go higher from the earth's surface. Upto about a height of 50 km from the earth, the atmosphere is composed of: Nitrogen 78.09% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Minor gases (Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, methane, xenon, krypton, etc.) 0.03% After a height of 50 km above the earth's surface the atmosphere is made up of atomic oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), helium and hydrogen. Atmospheric Layers These are the layers of air that lie above the earth's surface. The atmosphere of the earth is arranged into layers as accrued below, viz. Troposphere: The troposphere is the layer nearest to the earth's surface and extends from sea-level to a height of about 15 km. This region is the densest of all the atmospheric layers and contains water vapour, moisture and dust. In this region the temperature decreases as the height increases from the earth. Tropopause: Tropopause is the layer which separates the troposphere (lowest layer) from the stratosphere (upper layer). Stratosphere: This is the region of uniform temperature extending from an altitude of about 15km above the earth to a height of about 50 kill. It is free from water vapour, clouds and dust. Mesosphere: This is a very cold region and lies above the ozone-rich layer of the stratosphere. It extends from 50 or 80 km above the earth's surface. Menopause: The Menopause separates the mesosphere from the next layer called the ionosphere. Ionosphere: The ionosphere lies immediately above the mesosphere and extends from 60 to 400 km above the earth's surface. This layer contains ionised (or electrically charged) air which protects the earth from the falling meteorites (shooting stars) as most of them burn out in this region. It also protects the earth from the harmful radiations of the sun. The ionosphere consists of ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’ layers and includes the thermosphere and exosphere. Thermosphere: This is the middle layer of the ionosphere. It is the region of the atmosphere where the temperature is above 100°C. Exosphere: The exosphere is the uppermost region of the ionosphere and makes up the outer limits of the atmosphere. Here the gravity of the earth is exceedingly weak. The magnetic belt of the earth which is known as Magnetosphere, extends to about 64,000 km above the earth's surface. The exosphere is now considered as part of the magnetosphere. The outer boundary of the magnetosphere or the final boundary between the earth and outer space is known its magnetopause. The land surface of the earth is made up of immense land masses divided into seven continents and a great number of islands. Together, they cover about one quarter of the earth's surface. It is believed that originally there was only one land mass called Pangaea. This large land mass split into a northern mass Laurasia and a southern one called Gondwana Land. From these two land masses, the continents gradually drifted to where they are now located and the process is still continuing. |
Posted in:
World Geography
Important Dates of World History
B.C.
3000
Building of the Great Pyramid.
776
First Olympiad in Greece.
753
Foundation of Rome.
490
Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
360
The period of Aristotle and Plato.
332
Egypt conquered by Alexander.
323
Alexander dies at Babylon.
214
Work on the Great Wall of China begins.
55
Julius Ceasar attacks Great Britain.
4
Birth of Jesus Christ.
Building of the Great Pyramid.
776
First Olympiad in Greece.
753
Foundation of Rome.
490
Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
360
The period of Aristotle and Plato.
332
Egypt conquered by Alexander.
323
Alexander dies at Babylon.
214
Work on the Great Wall of China begins.
55
Julius Ceasar attacks Great Britain.
4
Birth of Jesus Christ.
A.D.
29
Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
375
Huns' invasion of Europe.
570
Prophet Mohammed born at Mecca.
622
Flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Madina.
632
Death of Mohammed; Beginning of Hijiri Era.
711
Arabs invade Spain.
1066
Norman invasion of England; Victory of William the Conquerer over the English King Harold II at Hastings.
1280
Roger Bacon invents gunpowder.
1338
The Hundred years War broke out.
1348
English faces Black Death Plague.
1453
Turks captured Constantinople; Renaissance in Europe.
1492
Discovery of America by Columbus.
1498
Sea-route to India discovered by Vasco-de-Gama.
1588
Spanish Armada defeated.
1600
British East India Company established in India.
1649
Execution of Charles I.
1660
Monarchy restored in England.
1665
The Great Plague of England.
1668
Glorious Revolution in England.
1704
Battle of Blenheim.
1707
Union of England and Scotland.
1776
Declaration of American Independence.
1789
French Revolution; George Washington elected the first President of America.
1805
Battle of Trafalagar and Nelson's death.
1815
Battle of Waterloo; Napolean exiled to St. Helena.
1821
Death of Napolean.
1832
Reforms Bill passed in England.
1837
Queen Victoria's accession to the throne of England.
1861
Beginning of the American Civil War.
1863
Slavery abolished in USA
1865
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
1869
Opening of the Suez Canal for traffic.
1895
Roentgen discovered X-Rays.
1896
Marconi invented wireless.
1904
Russiao-Japan war.
1905
Japan defeated Russia; Discovery of the theory of Relativity by Einstein.
1911
Chinese Revolution.
1912
Republic of China established.
1914
Beginning of World War I.
1917
Russian Revolution.
1918
End of World War I.
1919
Treaty of Versailles signed.
1920
Formation of the League of Nations.
1923
Turkey declared Republic.
1933
Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany.
1936
Beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
1939
World War II begins.
1941
Russia invaded by Hitler; Pearl Harbour invaded by Japan.
1945
Establishment of UNO; End of World War II; Hiroshima and Nagasaki experience the first dropping of the Atom Bomb; Death of President Roosevelt.
1946
Civil War in China.
1948
Burma and Ceylon get independence.
1949
Indonesia gets independence; The Communists capture power in China.
1952
General Eisenhower elected as the American President.
1953
Death of Stalin; Mt. Everest conquered for the first time.
1954
Military Aid Pact between China and Pakistan; Chou En-lai visits India.
1955
Austria gets independence; Bandung Conference.
1956
Suez Canal nationalised by President Nasser; Egypt attacked by the forces of Britain; France and Israel.
1957
First artificial satellite launched by Russia.
1958
Egypt and Syria united and renamed United Arab Republic (UAR)
1959
Chinese capture Tibet; Dalai Lama flees to India; Sputnik launched by Russia.
1960
Explosion of an atom bomb device by France; Election of John F. Kennedy as President of USA
1961
Yuri Gagarin of USSR becomes the first spaceman.
1963
Partial Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty signed; Malaysia established; John F. Kennedy assassinated.
1965
Death of Sir Winston Churchill; Singapore becomes the sovereign independent nation; outbreak of Indo-Pak war.
1966
Tashkent Pact; A Russian aircraft lands on moon.
1967
Chinese explode hydrogen bomb; Arab-Israel War; Suez Canal closed.
1971
Outbreak of Indo-Pak war; Birth of Bangladesh; Surrender of 93,000 Pakistani troops; Khruschev died; Z.A. Bhutto new President of Pakistan.
1972
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman freed from Pakistani Jail and assumed the office of P.M. Bangladesh; Nixon of USA visited China; King Mahendra of Nepal died; USA and the USSR sign Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty.
1973
Outbreak of fourth Arab-Israeli war; Fourth non-aligned summit in Algiers.
1975
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh assassinated; King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, assassinated; Suez Canal reopened; Red Cross force Cambodia Government to Surrender.
1976
Chou-En Lai, P.M. of China, died; Seychelles gets independence; Viking I lands on Mars; Mao Tse-tung died; Jimmy Carter elected President of USA
1978
Agreement between Israel and Egypt; Vietnam attacked Cambodia; Z.A. Bhutto, former P.M. of Pakistan, sentenced to death; Bloody coup in Afghanistan; Mohammed Daoud assassinated; World's first test-tube baby born.
1979
Chinese aggression in Vietnam; Cambodian rebels grab power in Pnom Penh; Mr. Z.A. Bhutto hanged; Mrs. Margaret Thatcher is the first woman P.M. of Britain.
1980
War starts between Iran and Iraq; Ronald Reagon elected USA President.
1982
Falklands, captured by Argentina; Israel attacks South Lebanon; Argentina forces surrender to British; P.L.O. Chief Yesser Arafat leaves Beirut; Bashir Gemyel, the President elect of Lebanon, assassinated; Soviet President breathes his last.
1983
US attacks Grenada; USA withdraws from UNESCO.
1985
India gets Presidentship of UN Security Council; Soviet President, Mr. Konstantin Chernenko, dies; Vietnam withdraws troops from Kampuchia.
1986
American air attack on Libya.
1987
Nuclear tests by USSR; Fresh proposal by Gorbachev; Group 77 meet at Havana; Unsuccessful military coup in Philippines, Prime Minister of Lebanon killed.
1988
WHO observes 7th of April as no smoking day, French President re-elected, Gen. Zia-ul-Haq killed in plane crash, Quake kills about 1,000 people in Bihar (India), George Bush elected President of USA, Arafat declares on independent state of Palestine, Nearly 1,00,000 people killed in earthquake in Armenia.
1989
The UN Peace keeping force starts implementation of UN Resolution 435 for the independence of Namibia.
1990
The Panamanian President surrenders to the United States. South Africa lifts lean on African National Congress. Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union. Namibia becomes a free nation.
Iraq overruns Kuwait. East and West Germanys unite.
1991
War breaks out in the Gulf, With the defeat of Iraq and freedom of Kuwait, Gulf war ends.
1993
5 new members of security council START II treaty between Russian & US Presidents, Security Council resolution on Angola, Emergency in Zambia, Elections in Australia.
1994
South Africa emerged from aparted regime with Nelson Mandela as its president. GATT treaty signed to create World Trade Organisation (WTO).
1995
WTO comes into existence. Nuclear test by France. Balkan peace accord signed.
1996
Kofi Annan new UN Secretary General. Clinton re-elected US President. India refuses to sign CTBT. Shekh Hasina Wajed new PM of Bangladesh. Taliban capture Kabul and execute former communist
President Najibullah.
1997
Tony Blair back in power in UK. Mohd. Khatami elected president of Iran. Hong Kong goes back to China after 99 year British rule.
1998
Indonesian President Suharto resigns. Pakistan test fires `Gauri' missile. US President Clinton faces impeachment.
1999
G-15 Summit ends. Yugoslavia accepts a peace plan for Kosovo.
2000
Thai commandor rescue 700 hostages from a capital Ratchabuh. India-China sign agreement on Information Technology, World Aids Day observed.
2001
Goerge W. Bush, was sworn in as the 43rd President of the United States. Heritage destroy of Bamiyan Buddha in Afghanistan by Taliban. Massacred of Nepal Royal family. Terrorist attacks on America by Taliban Supremo Osama bin Laden.
2002
`Euro' becomes the official currency of 12 European countries. A new nation East Timor came into existence. Switzerland and East Timor becomes the 190th & 191th member of the UN.
2003
Germany, Spain, Pakistan, Chile and Angola take rotating two-year seats on the UN Security Council; Iraq and the UN sign a 10-point agreement to facilitate the work of disarmament monitors; India-born American astronaut Kalpana Chawla and six other crew of the STS-107 space shuttle mission were killed as the US space shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas; name of Yugoslavia has been changed, it became Serbia and Montenegro; Australia win ICC World Cup by defeating India, war between US and Iraq; International criminal court was launched. WTO ministerial conference held in Cancun. India and ASEAN signed three accord. Over 20,000 people are killed as a major earthquake
destroys the Iranian Fort city Bam.
2004
India-Pakistan air links resume, the 12th SAARC Summit concludes in Islamabad after the signing of historic Agreement on Free Trade, Additional Protocol on Terrorism and Social Charter. NASA announced that it would name the spot where the robot probe Spirit landed successfully, in the memory of seven astronauts of the space shuttle Columbia. The US declares Mr. Saddam Hussein a prisoner of war. Pakistan has been readjusted to the common wealth. United States hand over political authority to Iraq. The 28th Olympics start in Athens. Russian Parliament ratifics the Kyoto Protocol, Yasser Arafat dies in Paris. Taslima Nasreen awarded UNESCO tolerance and non-violence Prize.
2005
India and Pakistan agree to allow travel by bus across the Line of Control between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad, Microsoft founder, The U.S. Senate approves Michael d. Griffin as NASA chief, Kuwaiti Parliament grants women the right to vote and run in elections, Latvia ratifies E.U. Constitution, The sixth book by J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, hits the stands worldwide, Junichiro Koizumi is reelected Japanese Premier by the new House of Representatives at a special session in Tokyo, The Dhaka Declaration decides to set up a SAARC poverty Alleviation Fund and to declare 2006-2015 the SAARC Decade of Poverty Alleviation, The Kyoto protocol on limiting pollution becomes fully operational, Evo Morales wins Bolivian presidential polls, The Galileo navigational telescope is launched from Kazakhstan.
2006
SAFTA comes into effect. Sirleaf sworn in as Liberian president. Chile elected socialist Michelle Bachelet to be its first woman president. 18th CWG held in Melbourne (Australia). UNO passed a resolution for new Human Rights Council. UN General Assembly has approved Ban-Ki-Moon as the new Secretary General. North Korea conducted an underground Nuclear test. 15th Asian Games were held in Doha (Qatar) in December 2006.
2007
Bangladesh declares a state of emergency. Nepal's Parliament unanimously approves the interim Constitution. 14th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi (India). Australia won the World Cup Cricket tournament, 2007. G-8 Summit held in Heilligendamm, Berlin (Germany). Viktor Zubkov has been appointed as a new Prime Minister of Russia. Yasuo Fukuda was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Japan. India won the Twenty-20 World Cup Cricket Championship over Pakistan in South Africa. Nobel
Prize 2007 has ben announced.
Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
375
Huns' invasion of Europe.
570
Prophet Mohammed born at Mecca.
622
Flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Madina.
632
Death of Mohammed; Beginning of Hijiri Era.
711
Arabs invade Spain.
1066
Norman invasion of England; Victory of William the Conquerer over the English King Harold II at Hastings.
1280
Roger Bacon invents gunpowder.
1338
The Hundred years War broke out.
1348
English faces Black Death Plague.
1453
Turks captured Constantinople; Renaissance in Europe.
1492
Discovery of America by Columbus.
1498
Sea-route to India discovered by Vasco-de-Gama.
1588
Spanish Armada defeated.
1600
British East India Company established in India.
1649
Execution of Charles I.
1660
Monarchy restored in England.
1665
The Great Plague of England.
1668
Glorious Revolution in England.
1704
Battle of Blenheim.
1707
Union of England and Scotland.
1776
Declaration of American Independence.
1789
French Revolution; George Washington elected the first President of America.
1805
Battle of Trafalagar and Nelson's death.
1815
Battle of Waterloo; Napolean exiled to St. Helena.
1821
Death of Napolean.
1832
Reforms Bill passed in England.
1837
Queen Victoria's accession to the throne of England.
1861
Beginning of the American Civil War.
1863
Slavery abolished in USA
1865
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
1869
Opening of the Suez Canal for traffic.
1895
Roentgen discovered X-Rays.
1896
Marconi invented wireless.
1904
Russiao-Japan war.
1905
Japan defeated Russia; Discovery of the theory of Relativity by Einstein.
1911
Chinese Revolution.
1912
Republic of China established.
1914
Beginning of World War I.
1917
Russian Revolution.
1918
End of World War I.
1919
Treaty of Versailles signed.
1920
Formation of the League of Nations.
1923
Turkey declared Republic.
1933
Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany.
1936
Beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
1939
World War II begins.
1941
Russia invaded by Hitler; Pearl Harbour invaded by Japan.
1945
Establishment of UNO; End of World War II; Hiroshima and Nagasaki experience the first dropping of the Atom Bomb; Death of President Roosevelt.
1946
Civil War in China.
1948
Burma and Ceylon get independence.
1949
Indonesia gets independence; The Communists capture power in China.
1952
General Eisenhower elected as the American President.
1953
Death of Stalin; Mt. Everest conquered for the first time.
1954
Military Aid Pact between China and Pakistan; Chou En-lai visits India.
1955
Austria gets independence; Bandung Conference.
1956
Suez Canal nationalised by President Nasser; Egypt attacked by the forces of Britain; France and Israel.
1957
First artificial satellite launched by Russia.
1958
Egypt and Syria united and renamed United Arab Republic (UAR)
1959
Chinese capture Tibet; Dalai Lama flees to India; Sputnik launched by Russia.
1960
Explosion of an atom bomb device by France; Election of John F. Kennedy as President of USA
1961
Yuri Gagarin of USSR becomes the first spaceman.
1963
Partial Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty signed; Malaysia established; John F. Kennedy assassinated.
1965
Death of Sir Winston Churchill; Singapore becomes the sovereign independent nation; outbreak of Indo-Pak war.
1966
Tashkent Pact; A Russian aircraft lands on moon.
1967
Chinese explode hydrogen bomb; Arab-Israel War; Suez Canal closed.
1971
Outbreak of Indo-Pak war; Birth of Bangladesh; Surrender of 93,000 Pakistani troops; Khruschev died; Z.A. Bhutto new President of Pakistan.
1972
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman freed from Pakistani Jail and assumed the office of P.M. Bangladesh; Nixon of USA visited China; King Mahendra of Nepal died; USA and the USSR sign Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty.
1973
Outbreak of fourth Arab-Israeli war; Fourth non-aligned summit in Algiers.
1975
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh assassinated; King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, assassinated; Suez Canal reopened; Red Cross force Cambodia Government to Surrender.
1976
Chou-En Lai, P.M. of China, died; Seychelles gets independence; Viking I lands on Mars; Mao Tse-tung died; Jimmy Carter elected President of USA
1978
Agreement between Israel and Egypt; Vietnam attacked Cambodia; Z.A. Bhutto, former P.M. of Pakistan, sentenced to death; Bloody coup in Afghanistan; Mohammed Daoud assassinated; World's first test-tube baby born.
1979
Chinese aggression in Vietnam; Cambodian rebels grab power in Pnom Penh; Mr. Z.A. Bhutto hanged; Mrs. Margaret Thatcher is the first woman P.M. of Britain.
1980
War starts between Iran and Iraq; Ronald Reagon elected USA President.
1982
Falklands, captured by Argentina; Israel attacks South Lebanon; Argentina forces surrender to British; P.L.O. Chief Yesser Arafat leaves Beirut; Bashir Gemyel, the President elect of Lebanon, assassinated; Soviet President breathes his last.
1983
US attacks Grenada; USA withdraws from UNESCO.
1985
India gets Presidentship of UN Security Council; Soviet President, Mr. Konstantin Chernenko, dies; Vietnam withdraws troops from Kampuchia.
1986
American air attack on Libya.
1987
Nuclear tests by USSR; Fresh proposal by Gorbachev; Group 77 meet at Havana; Unsuccessful military coup in Philippines, Prime Minister of Lebanon killed.
1988
WHO observes 7th of April as no smoking day, French President re-elected, Gen. Zia-ul-Haq killed in plane crash, Quake kills about 1,000 people in Bihar (India), George Bush elected President of USA, Arafat declares on independent state of Palestine, Nearly 1,00,000 people killed in earthquake in Armenia.
1989
The UN Peace keeping force starts implementation of UN Resolution 435 for the independence of Namibia.
1990
The Panamanian President surrenders to the United States. South Africa lifts lean on African National Congress. Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union. Namibia becomes a free nation.
Iraq overruns Kuwait. East and West Germanys unite.
1991
War breaks out in the Gulf, With the defeat of Iraq and freedom of Kuwait, Gulf war ends.
1993
5 new members of security council START II treaty between Russian & US Presidents, Security Council resolution on Angola, Emergency in Zambia, Elections in Australia.
1994
South Africa emerged from aparted regime with Nelson Mandela as its president. GATT treaty signed to create World Trade Organisation (WTO).
1995
WTO comes into existence. Nuclear test by France. Balkan peace accord signed.
1996
Kofi Annan new UN Secretary General. Clinton re-elected US President. India refuses to sign CTBT. Shekh Hasina Wajed new PM of Bangladesh. Taliban capture Kabul and execute former communist
President Najibullah.
1997
Tony Blair back in power in UK. Mohd. Khatami elected president of Iran. Hong Kong goes back to China after 99 year British rule.
1998
Indonesian President Suharto resigns. Pakistan test fires `Gauri' missile. US President Clinton faces impeachment.
1999
G-15 Summit ends. Yugoslavia accepts a peace plan for Kosovo.
2000
Thai commandor rescue 700 hostages from a capital Ratchabuh. India-China sign agreement on Information Technology, World Aids Day observed.
2001
Goerge W. Bush, was sworn in as the 43rd President of the United States. Heritage destroy of Bamiyan Buddha in Afghanistan by Taliban. Massacred of Nepal Royal family. Terrorist attacks on America by Taliban Supremo Osama bin Laden.
2002
`Euro' becomes the official currency of 12 European countries. A new nation East Timor came into existence. Switzerland and East Timor becomes the 190th & 191th member of the UN.
2003
Germany, Spain, Pakistan, Chile and Angola take rotating two-year seats on the UN Security Council; Iraq and the UN sign a 10-point agreement to facilitate the work of disarmament monitors; India-born American astronaut Kalpana Chawla and six other crew of the STS-107 space shuttle mission were killed as the US space shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas; name of Yugoslavia has been changed, it became Serbia and Montenegro; Australia win ICC World Cup by defeating India, war between US and Iraq; International criminal court was launched. WTO ministerial conference held in Cancun. India and ASEAN signed three accord. Over 20,000 people are killed as a major earthquake
destroys the Iranian Fort city Bam.
2004
India-Pakistan air links resume, the 12th SAARC Summit concludes in Islamabad after the signing of historic Agreement on Free Trade, Additional Protocol on Terrorism and Social Charter. NASA announced that it would name the spot where the robot probe Spirit landed successfully, in the memory of seven astronauts of the space shuttle Columbia. The US declares Mr. Saddam Hussein a prisoner of war. Pakistan has been readjusted to the common wealth. United States hand over political authority to Iraq. The 28th Olympics start in Athens. Russian Parliament ratifics the Kyoto Protocol, Yasser Arafat dies in Paris. Taslima Nasreen awarded UNESCO tolerance and non-violence Prize.
2005
India and Pakistan agree to allow travel by bus across the Line of Control between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad, Microsoft founder, The U.S. Senate approves Michael d. Griffin as NASA chief, Kuwaiti Parliament grants women the right to vote and run in elections, Latvia ratifies E.U. Constitution, The sixth book by J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, hits the stands worldwide, Junichiro Koizumi is reelected Japanese Premier by the new House of Representatives at a special session in Tokyo, The Dhaka Declaration decides to set up a SAARC poverty Alleviation Fund and to declare 2006-2015 the SAARC Decade of Poverty Alleviation, The Kyoto protocol on limiting pollution becomes fully operational, Evo Morales wins Bolivian presidential polls, The Galileo navigational telescope is launched from Kazakhstan.
2006
SAFTA comes into effect. Sirleaf sworn in as Liberian president. Chile elected socialist Michelle Bachelet to be its first woman president. 18th CWG held in Melbourne (Australia). UNO passed a resolution for new Human Rights Council. UN General Assembly has approved Ban-Ki-Moon as the new Secretary General. North Korea conducted an underground Nuclear test. 15th Asian Games were held in Doha (Qatar) in December 2006.
2007
Bangladesh declares a state of emergency. Nepal's Parliament unanimously approves the interim Constitution. 14th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi (India). Australia won the World Cup Cricket tournament, 2007. G-8 Summit held in Heilligendamm, Berlin (Germany). Viktor Zubkov has been appointed as a new Prime Minister of Russia. Yasuo Fukuda was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Japan. India won the Twenty-20 World Cup Cricket Championship over Pakistan in South Africa. Nobel
Prize 2007 has ben announced.
Important Personalities in History
Important Personalities in History
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