World Civilizations

World Civilizations

Egyptian Civilization

It is one of the world's longest continuous civilizations. In 300 BC Upper and Lower Egypt were united,  beginning a period of cultural glory and native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Historians have divided the history of Egypt into the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 322 BC. The highlight of the Old Kingdom was the building of the pyramids of Giza. The Middle kingdom saw Egypt develop into a great power. Massive temples and tombs, such as Tutenkhamun's were built during the New Kingdom. Another classification is the pyramid age (3490-2500 BC), the Feudal Age (about 1800 BC), the New Empire (about 1150 BC). In the fourth and third millennium, the Pharaohs held supreme power. The Egyptians studied nature with great care. They were aware of five planets. They divided the day-night cycle into twelve hours. They also developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics.   Mesopotamian Civilization Mesopotamia was the ancient region between Tigris and Euphrates in South-West Asia, roughly corresponding to modern Iraq. It was the site of one of the earliest human civilizations, resulting from the development of irrigation in the 6th millennium BC and the extreme fertility of the irrigated land. Sumerians settled in the lower parts of Tigris and Euphrates valley between 5000 and 4000 BC. Its seat was the city of Mesopotamia, founded by the Sumerians Babylonia gained supremacy in the 18th Century BC and was followed by others, notably the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Persians Greek and Romans, Mesopotamia gradually lost its distinctive cultural traditions. Mesopotamia bears the stamp of clay as does no other civilization, and nowhere in the world but in Mesopotamia and the regions over which its influence was diffused was clay used as the vehicle for writing. They also created mythological and historical epics like the famous 'Creation' and 'Flood Epics'. The most impressive work of the Babylonians is the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' containing their main myths. Chinese Civilization The first documented dynasty was the Shang (c. 1523-c. 1020 BC), when bronze casting was perfected. The Zhou dynasty (c. 1030-221 BC) was the age of Chinese Classical Literature, in particular Confucian and Lao Tzu. China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi, whose tomb near Xlan contains the famous terracotta army. The majority of the great wall was built by the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC). The Ran dynasty established in 206 BC and ruled until AD 220. The Ran dynasty developed the empire, a bureaucracy based on Confucianism, and also introduced Buddhism. China then split into three kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu). Tang dynasty (618-907) was a golden era of artistic achievement, especially in poetry and fine art. Genghis Khan conquered most of China in the 1210s and established the Mongol empire. Kubla Khan founded the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), a period of dialogue with Europe. The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) restablished Chinese rule and is famed for its fine porcelain. The Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912) began by vastly extending the empire.   Greek Civilization The earliest urban society in Greece was the palace-centered Minoan civilization. It reached its height on Crete c. 2000 BC. It was succeeded by the mainland Mycenaen civilization, which arose c. 1600 BC following a wave of Indo-European invasions. A second wave of invasions in c. 1200 BC, destroyed the Bronze Age cultures, paving the way for a dark age. Classical Greece began to emerge (c. 750 BC) as a collection of independent city-states including Sparta and Athens. The civilization reached its heights, after repelling the Persians at the beginning of the 5thcentury BC and began to decline after the civil strife of the Peloponnesian war. The Greek city-states were taken over by Philip II of Macedon in 388 BC. Greek culture was spread by Philip's son Alexander the Great throughout his empire. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans conquered Greek city-states. The Greeks were the first political scientists and democrats in the world. Greece occupies a great place in the history of world civilization. The outstanding philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the products of this civilization. The Greeks also built many temples. Homer's 'Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' are also Greece's great gifts to the world.   Roman Civilization Rome is situated on the river Tiber in Italy. Etruscan traders occupied this city and made it the largest and most important cities of central Italy. Between 338 and 169 B.C., the Romans dominated the Mediterranean world. Between 167 B.C. and 14A.D. much of the land was conquered, the republic was brought to an end and the Roman Empire was established. The rise of Caesar is a remarkable event in the Roman history. After Caesar, Octavian brought the republic to an end. The ancient Romans worshipped their family deities. Galen, a physician, completed an encyclopedia of medicine. Caesarian Operation, first tried at the birth of Caesar became popular. In the fourth century after Christ, Theodosius made Christianity the religion of the state.

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Landmarks in World History

Magna Carta

The Magna Carla was a Charter of Rights granted to the Englishmen during 1215 AD by King John II. During the reign of King John II (1167-1216) the citizens of Britain were burdened with heavy taxes. As a treacherous and cruel king he curbed the privileges of nobles and clergymen. As a result the barons, clergy and the common people united and compelled King John to redress their grievances by signing the Great Charter known as the Magna Carta. It was signed by King John II in June 1215 at Runnymede. The charter contained 63 clauses guaranteeing the freedom of the barons, the church and the common man. Under this charter the king himself was to act according to the law which curbed the king's right to levy taxes arbitrarily. It ensured that the king would act with the sanction of the people's representatives in the matters of administration be it the imposition of new taxes or punishing a wrong doer or imprisonment of any man. In other words, through this document the Law was made the highest authority in the land. The Magna Carta laid down the important principle that England should be governed by a definite law and not by the whims or will of a despotic ruler.

Feudalism

Feudalism was apolitical and economic system of medieval Europe based on the relation of lord to vassal in which land was held on the condition of homage and service. A lord would promise to protect a smaller landowner from his enemies. In return, the small landowner or peasant surrendered his land and became a vassal. In 888 AD big empires were divided into small kingdoms of landowning nobles who protected peasants against tribal attacks. Peasants surrendered their lands to the nobles for protection of their lives. They were allowed to work and live on it but the land became feudal property. Feudal lords became rich and powerful and kings had to depend on them for men and money. Renaissance Renaissance means revival or rebirth. During the time of the Roman empire all the manuscripts containing the wisdom of the ancient Greeks were kept in Constantinople and studied by the scholars of the city. However, in 1451 AD a new Sultan, Mahomet II ascended the Turkish throne and swore to capture Constantinople (now Istanbul). In 1453 he attacked and occupied the city. The scholars fled taking with them the manuscripts and documents and settled in the cities of Italy to spread their learning throughout western Europe. In 1454, Gutenberg set up a printing press and these manuscripts and documents were reprinted, and thus astronomy, geography and other sciences were rediscovered by western Europe. A Greek copy of the New Testament (Part of the Bible) was also found, which revolutionized the process of religious reform in Europe. The Renaissance has been called therevival of learning that swept across Europe. The movement slowly spread to England in the 15th and 16th centuries.   Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 The Habeas Corpus Act was drawn up during the reign of King Charles II which stated that no one was to be imprisoned without a writ or warrant stating the charges against him. It also provided facilities to a prisoner to obtain either speedy trial or release on bail. The Act safeguarded the personal liberties of the people against arbitrary imprisonment by the king's orders.   Glorious Revolution King James II of England, became very unpopular due to his strong Catholic beliefs. As a result he was forced to flee to France. The government invited William of Orange (1650-1702) the Dutch leader and his wife Mary, daughter of King James II, and declared them joint sovereigns on 13 February, 1689. The overthrowing of James II was without any bloodshed and is thus known as the Glorious Revolution.

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Objective General Knowledge 2

Q. Which of the following is not an output device?   1 Plotter   2 Printer   3 Monitor   4 Touch Screen     Ans: 4

Q. Which of the following Devices have a limitation that we can only read it but can not erase and modify it?   1 Tape Drive   2 Hard Disk   3 Compact Disk   4 Floppy Disk     Ans: 4

Q. Which device can understand difference between Data and programs?   1 Input Device   2 Output Device   3 Memory   4 Microprocessor     Ans: 4

Q. Multiprogamming Systems......   1 Are easier to develop than single Programming systems   2 Execute each job Faster   3 Execute more jobs in the same time period   4 None of these     Ans: 3

Q. The simultaneous execution of two or more instructions is called-   1 Sequential Access   2 Reduced Instruction set computing   3 Multiprocessing   4 None of these     Ans: 3

Q. Which Device as used as the standard Pointing Device in a Graphical User Environment?   1 Keyboard   2 Mouse   3 Joystick   4 None Of These     Ans: 2

Q. ...... is a procedure that requires users to enter an identification code and a matching password.   1 Paging   2 Logging on   3 Time-Sharing   4 Multitasking     Ans: 2

Q. An example of Telecommunication device is a -   1 Keyboard   2 Mouse   3 Printer   4 Modem     Ans: 4

Q. A character of information is represented by a(n)-   1 Byte   2 Bit   3 Field   4 None of these     Ans: 1

Q. The Process of writing out computer instructions is known as-   1 Assembling   2 Compiling   3 Executing   4 coding     Ans: 1

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Posted in: computer

Objective General Knowledge

Q. ..... is the process finding errors in software code.   1 compiling   2 Assembling   3 Interpreting   4 Debugging     Ans: 4

Q. If a memory chip is volatile, it will-   1 Explode if exposed to high temperatures   2 Lose its Contents if current is turned off   3 Be used for data storage only   4 None Of These     Ans: 2

Q. The general term 'peripheral equipment' is used for -   1 any device that is attached to a computer system   2 large scale computer systems   3 a program collection   4 other office Equipment not associated with a desktop Computer     Ans: 1

Q. ..... is a set of Keywords, s symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate the instructions to be executed by a computer...   1 A Computer Program   2 A Programming Language   3 An Assembler   4 Syntax     Ans: 2

Q. A ...... contains specific rules and words that express the logical steps of an algorithm.   1 Programming Language   2 Programming Structure   3 Syntax   4 Logic chart     Ans: 3

Q. Codes consisting or Bars or lines of varying widths or lengths that are computer-readable are known as-   1 A bar code   2 An ASCII Code   3 A Magnetic Tape   4 A Light Pen     Ans: 1

Q. Which of the following is the storage area whit in the computer itself which Holds data only Temporarily as the computer processes instructions?   1 The Hard Disk   2 Main Memory   3 The Control unit   4 Read Only Memory     Ans: 4

Q. A collection of interrelated records is called a-   1 Management Information System   2 Spread Sheet   3 Database   4 Text file     Ans: 3

Q. Every Component of your computer is either -   1 Software of CPU/RAM   2 Input Devices and Output Devices   3 Application software or System Software   4 None of these     Ans: 2

Q. Data that is copied from an application is stored in the-   1 Driver   2 Clipboard   3 Terminal   4 Prompt     Ans: 2

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Read it, if you want to clear Interview...!!!

Question 1:

 What will you do if I run away with your sister?" 

 The candidate who was selected answered " I will not get a better match for my sister than you sir" 

Question 2: 

 Interviewer (to a student girl candidate) - What is one morning you woke up & found that you were pregnant Girl ? 

 - I will be very excited and take an off, to celebrate with my husband. 

 Normally an unmarried girl will be shocked to hear this, but she managed it well. Why I should think it in the wrong way, she said later when asked 

Question 3: 

 Interviewer: He ordered a cup of coffee for the candidate. Coffee arrived kept before the candidate, then he asked what is before you? 

Candidate: Instantly replied "Tea" and got selected. 

You know how and why did he say "TEA" when he knows very well that coffee was kept before. 

(Answer: The question was "What is before you (U -alphabet) Reply was "TEA" ( T - alphabet), Alphabet "T" was before Alphabet "U" 

Question 4: 

 Where Lord Rama would have celebrated his "First Diwali"? People will start thinking of Ayodya, Mithila [Janaki's place], Lanka etc... 

But the logic is, Diwali was a celebrated as a mark of Lord Krishna Killing Narakasura. In Dusavataar, Krishnavathaar comes after Raamavathaar. 

So, Lord Rama would not have celebrated the Diwali At all! 

Question 5: 

 You are driving along in your car on a wild, stormy night, it's raining heavily, when suddenly you pass by a bus stop, and you see three people waiting for a bus: 

-- An old lady who looks as if she is about to die. 

-- An old friend who once saved your life. 

-- The perfect partner you have been dreaming about. 

Which one would you choose to offer a ride to, knowing very well that there could only be one passenger in your car? 

This is a moral/ethical dilemma that was once actually used as part of a job application. 

* You could pick up the old lady, because she is going to die, and thus you should save her first; 

* or you could take the old friend because he once saved your life, and this would be the perfect chance to ! pay him back. 

* However, you may never be able to find your perfect mate again... 

The candidate who was hired (out of 200 applicants) had no trouble coming up with his answer. Guess what was his answer? 

He simply answered: 

"I would give the car keys to my Old friend and let him take the lady to the hospital. I would stay behind and wait for the bus with the partner of my dreams." 

Sometimes, we gain more if we are able to give up our stubborn thought limitations. Never forget to "Think Outside of the Box." 

Question 6: 

 The interviewer asked to the candidate "This is your last question of the interview. Please tell me the exact position of the center of this table where u have kept your files."

Candidate confidently put one of his finger at some point at the table and told that this was the central point at the table. Interviewer asked how did u get to know that this being the central point of this table, then he answers quickly that sir u r not likely to ask any more question, as it was the last question that u promised to ask..... 

And hence, he was selected as because of his quick-wittedness.

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Posted in: info , Interview , jobs info , Tips

Name of Nobel Awardees for Nobel Physics Prize

the Nobel Physics Prize has been awarded for both pioneering discoveries and groundbreaking inventions. The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1901 the very first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen for his discovery of X-rays.

Year	Name of Nobel Laureates
2010	Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov
2009	Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith
2008	Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa
2007	Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
2006	John C. Mather, George F. Smoot
2005	Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004	David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
2003	Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett
2002	Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
2001	Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman
2000	Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
1999	Gerardus ‘t Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998	Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
1997	Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
1996	David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
1995	Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
1994	Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
1993	Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992	Georges Charpak
1991	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990	Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor
1989	Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
1988	Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
1987	J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
1986	Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
1985	Klaus von Klitzing
1984	Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
1983	Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler
1982	Kenneth G. Wilson
1981	Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980	James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
1979	Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
1978	Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977	Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck
1976	Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting
1975	Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater
1974	Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
1973	Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
1972	John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer
1971	Dennis Gabor
1970	Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel
1969	Murray Gell-Mann
1968	Luis Walter Alvarez
1967	Hans Albrecht Bethe
1966	Alfred Kastler
1965	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
1964	Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
1963	Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
1962	Lev Davidovich Landau
1961	Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
1960	Donald Arthur Glaser
1959	Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
1958	Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
1957	Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee
1956	William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
1955	Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
1954	Max Born, Walther Bothe
1953	Frits (Frederik) Zernike
1952	Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell
1951	Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
1950	Cecil Frank Powell
1949	Hideki Yukawa
1948	Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
1947	Sir Edward Victor Appleton
1946	Percy Williams Bridgman
1945	Wolfgang Pauli
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943	Otto Stern
1942	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939	Ernest Orlando Lawrence
1938	Enrico Fermi
1937	Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
1936	Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
1935	James Chadwick
1934	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1933	Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
1932	Werner Karl Heisenberg
1931	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1930	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1929	Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
1928	Owen Willans Richardson
1927	Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925	James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1924	Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
1923	Robert Andrews Millikan
1922	Niels Henrik David Bohr
1921	Albert Einstein
1920	Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919	Johannes Stark
1918	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
1917	Charles Glover Barkla
1916	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915	Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
1914	Max von Laue
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912	Nils Gustaf Dalén
1911	Wilhelm Wien
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909	Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun
1908	Gabriel Lippmann
1907	Albert Abraham Michelson
1906	Joseph John Thomson
1905	Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
1904	Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
1902	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
1901	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

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Posted in: Award